Sugar "glucose" Glucose Analysis:

Glucose Glucose: is the main sugar in human blood is a source of energy for all body tissue.

The natural ratio of glucose to blood ranging from 70-110 mg per 100 ml of blood, provided that the human being is fasting for a period of 8-12 hours, this figure rises to 120-150 mg per 100 ml of blood after a meal materials carbohydrate This is called to rise Physiological blood sugar (Physiological Hyperglycaemia) and this increase does not soon return to normal level after fasting for two to three hours after eating. During fasting for a long time (12-18 hours) decreases the level of sugar in the blood to 60-70 mg per 100 ml of blood, and called the situation a "physiological decline of sugar in the blood" (Physiological Hypoglycaemia).

(A) Analysis of sugar (Aljokoz analysis):

It regulates the level of glucose in blood existence of a balance between the hormone insulin (Insulin) on the one hand and the work of anti-insulin hormones (Anti-Insulin) on the other. These hormones are anti-glucagon (Glucagon) and epinephrine (Adrenaline) glucose and cortisol (Glucocorticoid) and growth hormone (Growth Hormone) and finally thyroxine (Thyroxine).

Where it leads the work of the hormone insulin to lower blood sugar levels, while the work of anti-hormones lead to high blood sugar level.

Therefore there must be a balance between the work of each other's blood until the natural focus of sugar retains.

Generally, high or low blood sugar levels is evidence (symptoms) are not clear because of the metabolism abnormal glucose.

- Reasons for the high level of sugar in the blood satisfactory:

Diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus), the difference in the function of any of the following: the thyroid glands, adrenal and pituitary, and sometimes sugar rises in some liver diseases.

- The reasons for the low blood sugar level satisfactory:

Excessive insulin secretion, shortcomings in the work of the adrenal gland and the pituitary gland, and sometimes liver failure.

And declining sugar also with a bad use of drugs to reduce blood sugar, and at the time of the sensitivity of some people for certain meals.

The result of high and low blood sugar levels so-called "diabetic coma."

* Gebojh sugar:

There are two types of sugar coma:

A coma hyperglycemia (Hyperglycaemic Coma):

A condition in which man lose consciousness as a result of high sugar, and its causes are neglected sugar treat private first kind of it.

The sugar coma symptoms include:

One-Zeya breathing rate.

2-smell of acetone (which resemble smelled alcohol) by mouth.

3-pulse is rapid and weak, very much.

4-skin is dry and tongue as well.

It analyzes prove the existence of very high sugar in blood and urine and switched Also find ketone bodies (Ketones Bodies) (an alcoholic toxic compounds produced by the fermentation of sugar) in the urine. Doctors advised diabetics regulate sugar treatment and adherence to diet in the daily diets of non Tkarmthel this coma future.

B coma low sugar (Hypoglycaemic Coma):

Always occur with the use of sugar bad discount drugs, while neglecting some meals, which leads to a decrease in their blood sugar level of 60 mg per 100 ml of blood, leading to coma because the brain may be due to the high percentage of sugar.

Symptoms are:

1-normal rate of respiration.

2-mouth odor naturally.

3-pulse fast and powerful.

4-skin is wet due to severe perspiration.

In the analysis shows the low level of blood sugar, and its absence in the urine and the presence of ketone bodies in urine. And advised doctors in the occurrence of such a coma eating any carbohydrate, such as sugar molds, with the proper use of insulin injections, tablets treatment of diabetes, and not neglecting Alujat daily organized so as not to repeat such a coma, which is considered more dangerous than its predecessor because it may affect the brain cells (if It lasted more than 24 hours) that depend on glucose as the main source of energy.

(B) diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus):

It is a disease characterized by a high level of glucose in blood and its presence in the urine and frequency of urination and frequent hunger and thirst lot, as I have already mentioned, a major cause of diabetes mellitus is the ratio between the insulin and hormones, anti-insulin hormone deficiency.

* There are two types of diabetes:

(1) in treatment-dependent diabetes mellitus insulin (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) and abbreviated b (IDDM):

It is also called type I diabetes (TypeΙ) and usually occurs in pre-30-40 years old and a diabetic of this kind is usually thin and the level of insulin in blood is almost non-existent, handles only injected insulin, so called (IDDM), and this type can be genetically.

(2) diabetes, which does not depend on insulin in the treatment of diabetes (Non- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) and abbreviated b (NIDDM):

The so-called type II diabetes (TypeП), which Absht of the first type, and usually occurs after the age of forty, and is characterized by the patient of this type of obesity, and there has insulin but does not produce sufficient quantity of the pancreas is not taken advantage of it because there is a shortage of insulin receptors in tissues, and also there is resistance to insulin. Usually it handles discount disks of sugar in the blood, which helps to existing insulin secretion in the pancreas.

The disorder is characterized by diabetes mellitus in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty protein and loss of equilibrium between the water and salts which affects the long-term (several years) on most parts of the body especially the nervous system, kidneys and eyes.

(C) special sugar tests:

1-analysis of sugar in the blood and urine:

There are several ways to detect sugar in the blood and urine, including:

• Depending on the strength of shorthand for sugar (glucose) it can use Vhlainj (Fehling) or Benedict solution (Rustico Rustico) for the detection of glucose in the urine, where their color turns blue to red precipitate with heating. Use strips (Strips) that contains the enzyme glucose dioxide (Glucose Oxidase) This is the most comprehensive and accurate than its predecessor analysis.

• The use of glucose analyzers (Glucose Analyzer) and this depends on the shorthand of glucose by the enzyme (Glucose Oxidase) and exit of oxygen which is estimated by measuring pole oxygen (Oxygen Electrode) and then measured electronically by these devices, This is the way of the most accurate methods of analysis glucose in medical laboratories.

2. random sugar analysis (Random Blood Glucose):

Interest only because it gives a general idea of ​​the level of sugar in the patient's blood, where the sample is analyzed at any time during the day, and the results of this analysis are taken into Taibb to evaluate the patient's condition.

3. fasting glucose analysis (Fasting Blood Glucose):

This analysis of the patient being so that the fasting of 8-12 hours a note to a normal level of sugar in the blood ranges from 70-110 mg per 100 ml of blood, if the ratio exceeds 120 it is a sign of the incidence of diabetes in the future, and if they exceed 130, this is a diabetic, and be sure of that re-analysis of the two or three consecutive periods of at least one week interval between each measurement.

4. Analysis of sugar two hours after eating (Post Prandial Blood Glucose):

This analysis is done on a patient after a normal meal (or 75 grams of glucose) and then we measure his blood sugar two hours after eating, the usefulness of this analysis is that it gives us an idea about the future occurrence of diabetes in this patient and whether you will need to sugar curve or no analysis. If the ratio exceeds 140 mg two hours after eating this indicates that there is an imbalance in the sugar return to normal.

5. glucose tolerance curve analysis (Glucose Tolerance Test):

The abbreviated b (GTT) conducted this analysis when there is a doubt in the incidence of diabetes, and give us an idea of ​​the risk of diabetes or not. In the analysis, it must be patient fasting from 8-12 hours, then take a blood sample and urine and then the patient deals with a dose of glucose amount of 75 grams (or 1 g per kilogram of patient weight) and then take a blood sample and urine every half hour for 3 hours and we measure sugar in each blood sample, and expose him in all urine samples.

In the natural curve shows that fasting glucose level of 70-110 mg, then up to the hilt and is 120-130 mg after an hour and a half and then come back to normal again after 2 to 3 hours, and could drop lower than normal and then back again to level natural that the so-called "ejaculate insulin" (insulin Shot) and caused increased secretion of insulin in some people. In diabetic curve shows that fasting glucose level of more than 130 and 180 mg than after an hour and a half and then fall again, but not up to the starting point within two hours and a half. If sugar levels did not return to normal within 2-3 hours, it is a sign of the possibility of infection and diabetes in the future knowing that fasting glucose normal.

6. glycated hemoglobin (Glycosylated Haemoglobin - HbA 1c):

Glycated hemoglobin is a protein (globulin) is linked with the iron in the group (Haem) and protein (hemoglobin) is linked to the sugar glucose and there are many types of hemoglobin, but what concerns us is the A1c because it is characterized by being linked with glucose, where a small percentage of hemoglobin does not exceed 5 - linked 10% of the hemoglobin blood Bjlokoz called this part linked (HbA1c).

Glucose link hemoglobin Batmd on its level in the blood ratio, the more Zhadat glucose proportion (HbA1c), but this link is slowly and ever-slowly, not sugar phones it affected diets and give us an indication of blood sugar during the lifetime of the red blood cells it is about 120 days, natural rate of between 5-8% and the increase in diabetes in the case of irregular treatment as well as in diabetes type I if the patient is in the need to increase the dose of insulin.

7. Alfrcktozaman (Fructosamine):

It is one of the latest and most accurate ways to detect the level of blood sugar in the period of 15-20 days prior to analysis when the patient's diabetes. This method is used to measure the proportion of glycoproteins (Glycosylated Proteins) and by measuring the ratio of Alfrcktozaman associated protein, and this analysis diets affected.

(D) Important tips for diabetic:

1. The patient awareness of the fact that diabetes is the basis of treatment.

2. The adoption of the diet and doing physical sport the most important medicine.

3. The patient should sugar seeks to reach the ideal weight gradually which calculates an approximate manner as follows (Height Balsntimitr subtractions from 103 kg for men or 105 kg for women) and the doctor is the one who determines the ideal weight of the patient by age, sex, height, weight, nature of work , the type of diabetes.

4. The daily walk half an hour twice or use stationary bike at home or do bodily movements quarter of an hour twice a day without stress helps in lowering blood sugar.

5. prefer to take a large glass of water before eating or drinking liter and a half of water a day.

6. body weight and must be recorded each week for weight control, and must be Aloakl at specific times, according to daily meals system without disturbance.

7. should be a lot of material in which the multiplication of fiber (vegetables).

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Ammonia

Ammonia in the blood two main sources:

First Source: the effect of bacteria in the large intestine on nitrogenous material, leading to the formation of certain amounts of ammonia.

The second source: the demolition of amino acids in the body process, when the intervention of ammonia portal vein or blood circulation is fast becoming in the liver to urea, and so the body gets rid of the toxic effects of ammonia on brain cells, and therefore increasing the concentration of ammonia during advanced liver disease, especially when intake large proteins, or if there is bleeding bowel.

Blood ammonia level ranges between 10-110 micrograms / 100 ml blood (15-65 mmol / liters).

- Alamuena rise in the blood level in the cases:

1. liver failure.

2. liver arch operations (Liver Bypass), a surgery of blood vessels arrived in the portal vein during which intravenous cava without passing through the liver, and to be branded (Portacaval Shunt).

3. cases of cirrhosis (in the final stages), especially after eating a diet rich in protein.

4. During the bloody gastrointestinal bleeding.

- At least the level of ammonia in the blood:

1. During the famine of sustainable (Starvation).

2. During rely on nutrition intravenously through a vein, and that do not contain amino acids.

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Introduction to the salts and minerals analysis

@ Sodium Sodium - Na +:

Sodium is an essential element the body needs to maintain good health which exist naturally in most foods, it is also added to foods to save them or to change the bitter taste, most people think that sodium and salt are one thing, and that's not true, Valsodiom in fact constitute almost half of the salt content, and it is therefore a source of food, and here is how to interpret the low-sodium diet is necessary to reduce the amount of salt in food.

Sodium is a positive ion Cation (is a chemical element that carries a positive charge) President in the fluid outside the cells, including the plasma.

 Ranges of sodium in the blood level of 135-145 mmol / l

Sodium plays a key role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood and the consequent organize the exchange of fluids between the blood vessels and abroad sodium and move to within cells or the loss of the body leads to a decrease in the fluid outside the cells, the size of which affects the blood circulation and function of the kidneys and nervous system.

- Increasing the level of sodium in the blood in the following cases:

• When the body has a large amount of water, such as drought and disease excessive urination urine-like disease, diabetes insipidus, where the patient urinated per day more than five liters of urine.

• When you take a large amount of sodium, such as taking a large amount of sodium chloride solution 0.9% intravenously.

• In cases of a disease which is characterized by Khnj secrete a large amount of Alkotizul, where cortisol is working on the re-absorption of sodium in the kidneys.

• Excessive use of the drug cortisone.

- At least the level of sodium in the following cases:

• use of diuretic drugs.

• sweat that compensates only drink water.

• severe kidney disease.

• congestive heart failure.

• loss of sodium in the digestive tract by vomiting, diarrhea or intestinal surgical slot.

• cirrhosis of the liver.

• diabetes.

• Addison's disease, with less secretion of the hormone aldosterone.

• lack of secretion of the hormone antidiuretic which occurs in the urine diabetes insipidus.

- Low-sodium diet food:

The best way to follow a low sodium JAMMEH food is a balanced diet includes some milk, meat, bread, cereals, fruits and vegetables, there are many rules to be followed, including:

- Do not add any salt during preparation as well as during eating

- Must read the names of the food components of canned foods and affixed to those canned goods as well as make sure they do not contain salt or any other items bearing the word sodium

@ Potassium Potassium K +:

Potassium is a positive ion president within cells and measured in the blood of the most important measurements and the most vulnerable to precision and so extreme importance in the effect of potassium on the heart muscle.

Potassium level in the serum or plasma of between 3.5-5 mmol / L, and this concentration determines neuromuscular excitement, therefore, increase or decrease the concentration of potassium impedes the ability of muscles to contract.

- Increasing the level of potassium in the blood in the following cases:

• Some kidney diseases, such as kidney failure and urinary blockage.

• laceration tissues, such as injuries, where grinding out a large amount of potassium from inside the crushed cells into the blood at the same time less efficient kidneys.

• violent contraction of the muscles, which leads to potassium exit out of the muscle cells, for example, cases of convulsion.

• Addison's disease, with little or no hormone aldosterone, which leads to a lack of exchange of sodium potassium in the kidney.

• Diabetes is the processor, where less efficient because of the sodium pump not to exploit a source of glucose needed to work this pump energy.

- At least the level of potassium in the blood in the following cases:

• potassium loss with constant diarrhea and vomiting.

• use of diuretic drugs.

• coma hyperglycemia treatment of insulin-potassium intake without him.

• Malicious use of steroids.

• Use of laxatives.

• High blood calcium.

• Increase the hormone aldosterone.

@ Chloride Chloride - CL:

Is a chloride ion cathode President outside the cells, which is very important in maintaining the acid-alkaline balance and plays with sodium an important role in regulating the osmotic balance of body fluids.

 The chloride concentration in serum or plasma is between 95-105 mmol / liter.

- Increase the level of chloride in the blood in the following cases:

 When breathing rate, and it happens in cases of high fever and aspirin poisoning, anxiety and fear, as the increasing proportion of the chloride with the use of large doses of ammonium chloride and potassium chloride, as well as in the case of dehydration.

- At least the level of chloride in the blood:

Slow respiratory rate (such as morphine poisoning cases) constant and severe vomiting, diarrhea and chronic disease, diabetes, untreated and in the adrenal gland disease and kidney failure.

• Note: In the case of high blood pressure patient is advised approach. Minimizing, or refrain from eating salt (sodium chloride) because it helps high blood pressure rate.

@ Calcium Calcium Ca ++:

Calcium is one of the most important elements in the human body, which play a large role in most biological processes, where it enters in the composition of the skeleton has a key role in the transmission of nerve signals and natural contraction of the muscles and the blood clot and activate certain enzymes and organize the work of some hormones.

It ranges blood calcium level between 5.8 to 3.10 mg per hundred ml of blood (1.2 to 6.2 mmol / liter).

50% of this figure (calcium) is free in the blood and is responsible for most of the functions and 0.45% protein carried on a private albumin (albumin) and 5% in the form of calcium citrate.

- Increase the level of calcium in the blood in the following cases:

• Hyper function of thyroid gland neighbor

• Some tumors that secrete chemicals that are similar to the thyroid gland hormone neighbor at her job

• Some bone tumors

• no movement for a long time

• increased intake of vitamin D.

- At least the level of calcium in the blood in the following cases:

• deficiencies in the function of the thyroid gland is under way

• A lack of vitamin "d" such as cases of rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

• diseases leading to poor digestion and absorption

• Acute pancreatitis

• acute and chronic renal failure

• diarrhea fatty

Analysis of calcium in the urine also has value in certain situations, such as Akleniech cases of hyperthyroidism and thyroid function of the thyroid is under way.

 Natural ratio of calcium in the urine, ranging from 50-150 mg / 24 hours.

• low calcium diet food:

The best way to reduce the calcium is to drink at least three liters of fluid a day like tea, coffee, fruit juice, and stay away from drinking well water or regular water, which often contain a high concentration of calcium and it is best to drink healthy water and bottled, either foods is permitted they (cheese, milk, milk, cream, ice cream, sardines, shellfish, soy, Homs, liver, kidneys, chocolate, olives, okra, parsley, spinach, Khaddrmorkh, mussels, figs, lemon, orange acid, peach, Joseph Effendi, seeds, beans, nuts and nut).

@ Inorganic phosphorus Inorganic Phosphorus:

Phosphorus is a vital element is very important in the human body, where it enters with calcium in bone formation and there are also some types of proteins, fats and enters in the composition of some enzymes escorts Coenzymez

Some sources of energy stored in a composite image of a pregnant Energy ATP ATP

Ranging phosphorus levels in children between 4-7 mg per 100 ml of blood (3.1 to 3.2 mmol / L)

Ranging phosphorus level in adults between 3 - 4.5 mg per liter of blood (1 - 1.5 mmol / L)

Inorganic phosphate concentration in the blood is influenced by the function of the thyroid gland is under way, the work of vitamin D, the process of absorption of the bowel, kidney function and bone metabolism and nutrition.

- Rising levels of phosphorus in the blood in the following cases:

• acute and chronic renal failure

• hypothyroidism neighbor thyroid

• Taking vitamin "d" a large amount

• During the healing of fractures

- At least the level of phosphorus in the blood in the following cases:

• Hyper function of thyroid gland neighbor

• cases of rickets and osteomalacia

• cases of poor digestion and absorption

• rely on nutrition intravenously intravenously for a long time

• During recovery from sugar coma

• give insulin

@ Magnesium Magnesium - Mg ++:

Is the second element after intracellular potassium magnesium element, in addition to his participation in the bone formation it affects nerve and muscle excitation and response also has a major role in stimulating the work of some enzymes, and some of the symptoms of magnesium muscle cramps, weakness and lack of focus shortages.

 Ranges of magnesium in the blood level of between 8.1 to 5.3 mg / 100 ml of blood (0.9 - 1.75 mmol / L)

- Increase the level of magnesium in the blood in the following cases:

• acute and chronic renal failure

• overdose of magnesium treatment

• Liver diseases

• taking a large dose of glucose

• Balaaksalat poisoning

- At least the level of magnesium in the blood in the following cases:

• chronic diarrhea

• constant hunger

• Continuous intake of alcohol

• chronic hepatitis and liver laziness

• The use of drugs for urinary

• nutrition intravenously through a vein for a long time

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