(Salmonella Test (Widal Test

About the salmonella bacteria Summary of Salmonella:

Bacillary short bacilli, Gram-negative Gram negative bacilli, moving motile, do not be a non-capsulated capsule.

For salmonella bacteria more than 1,400 worshipers type serotypes, some can cause diseases to humans.

For salmonella bacteria several races the most important medically S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi which cause enteric fever, enteric fever

And the types of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteretidis that cause food poisoning and food poisoning colitis enterocolitis

And Type S. Choleraesuis which causes blood poisoning septicaemia

Serological properties Serological characters:

Salmonella bacteria contain three types of antigens and antigen are bacteria somatic body that is symbolized by the b (O antigen) and a whip flagellar and is symbolized by the B (H antigen) and the capsule (Portfolio) capsulate and symbolized by the (K antigen b)

These bacteria are resistant to the nurse natural immunity to the human body by preventing the phagocytosis and slurping and also secrete cm internal Endotoxin was excreted cm external Exotoxine

The principle of serological testing:

Testing conducted in a manner latex Latex Method, a sensitive way to a large extent if the test procedure under appropriate conditions are stacking direct method Direct Agglutination.

The principle of the test is to add antigens Reagent after treatment industrially to antibodies in the patient's serum agglutination Agglutination clearly going to happen with the naked eye.

Stacking the way for a better way of stacking the latex tubing segment but the ease and speed of conducting latex (slide) and also low cost him is prevalent when a lot of countries where this disease is endemic.

• should be noted Albroozon Prozone in the negative results of the test, where it is possible to give negative results, false False Negative due to the presence of high concentration of antibodies in the serum of competition for the link with antigens Reagent happen and thus stacking obviously does not happen, but avoid it work test to ease sample Dilution of sample until the amount of antibodies in the serum less and thus gives a good and clear results.

Vidal test Widal Test:

In this test is searched for anti own Salmonella antibodies of the type IgG and IgM in serum Serum patient, characterized by this test easily done and sensitivity if the testing work in a way to mitigate Dilution, and test Vidal is the species S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi only or the rest of the species it better disclosure in the manner of Agriculture Microbiology Laboratory, as I mentioned earlier, the test looks for antibodies formed from entering the antigens of the body affected and the most important of these antigens O antigen (body bacteria somatic) and H antigen (whip bacterial flagellar).

These antigens are several types of medically important for it to be disclosed to test Vidal, namely:

For O antigen are four types of OA and OB and OC, and OD

For H antigen are four types of HA and HB and HC and HD

Action procedure1 WidalTest test method:

Attend all solutions Reagents and patient samples (serum Serum) at room temperature.

2. placed 20 microliter of Positive control in the first chamber Well latex segment and 20 microliter of Negative control in the second room in order after the departure of the comparison test with Alkntrul results and ensure that the solutions Reagents safe and suitable for use.

3. uses eight compartments for each sample (there are eight types of antigen) by placing 20 microliter of serum Serum Well every room.

4. blends latex solutions containing antigens for all types of salmonella eight tumble then taken 40 microliter (one drop Drop) of it to each chamber containing the patient's serum.

5. Mix blends in a circular motion using the appropriate sticks.

6. latex slice placed on the Shaker rocking for 1-3 minutes stacking under suitable light shows and after this time is taken as a result of the start of the sample drought may lead to the emergence of false positive Positive False.

• (+): the occurrence agglutination Agglutination (Ab-Ag Reaction)

• (-): the lack of agglutination Non Agglutination (Ab-Ag Non Reaction)

• In the event of an agglutination Agglutination must be done to mitigate the sample Dilution of Sample:

• Preferably work to mitigate the pipes Tubes and placed in each tube 100 microliter of the Normal Saline and placed in the first tube 100 microliter of serum Serum sample and mix and transferred to the second tube 100 microliter and so to another tube in the dilution tubes then transferred from each tube 100 microliter to cabins in latex slice and add the solution Reagents all cabins Wells.

• The score another easing back of the positive interaction (+) as an end result of the test (the amount may vary and method of alleviating the manufacturer of another company).

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Analysis of CRP = C - Reactive Protein

Has been discovered in the world of 1930, a protein Penta installation and talents (120KD) this protein found in human blood a few percent, which belongs to Alphglobulin category consists of the liver cells, and specifically in Hepatocytes cells, which does not refer to any specific satisfactory indication of any non-specific and is similar to the analysis ESR but the best of it because it is not affected by anemia or fibrinogen characterized this protein that has recipes Alglupulinat immune and thus has the ability to stacking and sedimentation.

And the normal rate for this protein in the blood: Less than 0.6 dl / mg blood.

Detection of this protein in large quantities and indicates that the patient is suffering from acute inflammation, and this helps the doctor to diagnose many medical conditions that cause high proportion of this protein in the blood:

1. Acute inflammation in the body.

2. rheumatoid arthritis RA.

3. rheumatic fever.

4. brucellosis.

5. malignancies.

6. Wolf erythema systemic SLE.

7. acute hepatitis.

8. myocardial infarction.

9. cell death.

10. gout.

And other pathological conditions.

- Work CRP test method:

1. attend all of the solutions, and the patient's serum (Serum) at room temperature.

2. placed 40 microliter of Positive Control in the first room on the latex segment and 40 microliter of Negative Control in the second chamber in order to work out after comparing the results to ensure the validity of the solutions.

3. placed 40 microliter of Serum patient in one room.

4. Adavo 40 microliter of latex solution (one drop) on the Positive Control and the Negative Control Serum and the patient.

5. blends in a circular motion using the appropriate sticks.

6. placed on the slide latex rocking Shaker for 1-3 minutes stacking appears under the light is not taken as a result after this time because it starts in the dry samples which may lead to a false positive agglutination Positive False.

• (+): the occurrence agglutination Agglutination (Ab-Ag Reaction).

• (-): agglutination Non Agglutination does not happen (Ab-Ag Non Reaction)

A picture of the details of CRP in the case of stacking and in the absence of stacking.

In the event of agglutination Agglutination is done easing to give a numeric result

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Autoantibody tests

Anti Nuclear Antibodies:

Analysis of ANA an acronym Anti Nuclear Antibodies which is underneath each antibody for each component enters the nucleus, such as Anti DNA and other and be positive for people diagnosed with SLE, which is diagnostic of non-existence in the adverse event while in the positive case for the test is not a diagnostic No prove Infection with SLE but may stagnate the presence of the disease, and will be positive in some infections, such as chronic hepatitis chronic Active hepatitis colitis and cystic primary biliary primary biliary cirrhosis, and be the result of a negative test for non-infected people.

Anti Mitochondrial Antibodies:

Analysis of abbreviated b AMA always this test is required to confirm the diagnosis of cystic primary biliary occurrence of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and the proportion is less and quality for Chronic Active Hepatitis and SLE and Rheumatoid Arthritis and the result is a negative test non-infected persons.

Anti Smooth Muscle Antibodies:

ASMA be abbreviated as the positive dependents in cases of anemia and chronic hepatitis Chronic Active Hepatitis and be positive in the medium cases of acute hepatitis Acute Viral Hepatitis and chronic gastritis Chronic Gastric and be negative test result in the non-infected people.

- All of these tests are done in a manner immunofluorescence Indirect Indirect Immunofluorescent.

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Simple and concise introduction to the immune Immunity flag

Definition of immune Definition of Immunity:

The body in response to each foreign substances (antigens) and sometimes some of the body's own components, and the disposal of foreign material and remove the harmfulness and its effects on the body.

HIV is mainly divided into two main types:

First, non-specific immune Non Specific Immunity:

Called natural immunity Natural Immunity which exists in the human since birth, which is slang immunity ie not specialized and quality against a specific object, but considered general immunity protects the body from the invasion of exotic material objects, such as attacking the white blood cells and various macrophage exotic organisms and microbes killed by some secretions such as secretions the stomach as well as the human skin, which is the largest defense point of the first point.

Second, specific immunity Specific Immunity:

It called acquired immune Acquired Immunity which arise as a result the body is exposed to a particular substance or microbe immunity and therefore the quality is composed against this object or any foreign substances No man since birth and it acquires during life.

Divided between specific (acquired) Specific Immunity (Acquired) into two types:

1. humoral immune Humoral Immunity:

They own immune B cells B Cells Immunity active formation of antibodies that are associated with materials and exotic objects and kill and prevent harm to the body.

- Antigens Antigens: UFOs are substances that enter the body and recognize them and resist and may succeed or not succeed enters the body in a satisfactory condition.

- Antibodies Antibodies: are protein molecules formed by the body as a result of exposure to antigens in order to eliminate the antigen (a substance or strange object) called antibodies also immune Balglupulinat Immunoglobuline divided Alglupulinat immune to these five species which is explained below:

A. IgG: Aker Alglupulinat is present in the blood by 80% and is the only globulin which crosses the placenta from mother to fetus is gradually increasing at the rump until it reaches the highest level at the age of 7 years, which is important in the fight against bacterial and viral infections.

B IgM: is the largest immune Alglupulinat where consists of five units the first Alglupulinat immune appears when exposure to any antigen and disguises himself with the emergence of IgG They are found in the blood and lymph fluid.

(C) IgA: do not know the function of this globulin completely, but he is away displays the body of many infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases and found antibodies of the IgA in the areas of the body such as the nose and trachea and Digestive and ears and eyes and vagina. There are also IgA antibodies from the surface of the body that are exposed to foreign exotic materials protect the species. I also found this type of antibodies in saliva, tears and blood. There IgA in the body by about 10% to 15% of the antibodies in the body.

D. IgD: do not know her job well present in small quantities in the tissues lining the abdomen or chest.

E. IgE: I found IgE antibodies in the lungs, skin and mucous membranes. Cause the body's reaction to fight against external influences such as dust and dust-laden vaccine plants and fungus spores and animal dander. He spoke in sensitivity to milk and some medicines and some toxins. IgE antibody levels are often elevated in people who suffer from allergies.

Immunoglobuline - Alglupulinat

2. cellular immunity Cell Mediated Immunity:

They own immune T cell T Cells Immunity, who works on the composition of lymphoid cells that attack any strange object and substance in the body and include the following types:

A. Antigen Presenting Cells: They do not Monocytes and Macrophages and cells Langer Hans in the skin and other cells and this gnawing Alanejan or UFOs and put it on the surface and the ability of cells to the secretion of interleukin-1, or the so-called Interleukin1.

B Lymphocyte T Cells: are found in the blood of 80% of Lymphocyte cells and working on the analysis of cells infected with viruses and cancer cells also regulate the cells in the immune system works and is divided into two sections:

- Helper cells (T helper cells (Th: carry on their surface receptors CD3, CD2 and most important receptors is carried by CD4.

- Toxic cells (T cytotoxic cells (Te: and carry on their surface receptors CD3, CD2, CD8.

(C) Lymphocyte B Cells: are found in the blood by about 15% of Lymphocyte cells and contain surface Alglupulinat immune when union antigenic cell based cell process coverage and containment of the antigen in order to in order to enter into the cell antigen.

(D) Natural Killer Cells: cells are large granular lymphocyte Granular form a toxic cells against cells infected with viruses or cancer cells and others.

(F) Granular Leukocytes: include types Neutrophiles, Eosinophiles, Basophils This is an essential function of cells to defend the body and then to kill and destroy germs.

Cell Mediated Immunity - cellular immunity

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